Several factors contribute to the overall relationship between physical activity and air pollution:

1. Regular physical activity can lead to adaptations in the respiratory system, including increased lung capacity and efficiency. This may enhance the ability to cope with the respiratory effects of air pollution.

2. Exercise has known cardiovascular benefits, including improved heart health, blood circulation, and blood vessel function. These benefits may counteract some of the negative cardiovascular effects associated with air pollution.

3. Exercise can stimulate the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms. Antioxidants help combat oxidative stress, a process that is heightened by exposure to air pollutants. This may contribute to mitigating the negative effects of pollution.

4. People who engage in regular physical activity are often more conscious of their health and may adopt other healthy behaviors, such as maintaining a balanced diet and avoiding smoking.

It's important to note that while physical activity has numerous health benefits, there is a consensus that exposure to high levels of air pollution, especially during vigorous outdoor exercise in heavily polluted areas, can pose health risks.

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